extra high limiting drawing ratio (ldr=9) cylindrical deep drawing based on finite element and experiment

deep drawing of cylindrical shapes with high limiting drawing ratio (ldr) values is relatively difficult. annealing is a further operation, which in turn adds costs and consumes significantly time to the forming process. in the present work, cylindrical cups from brass sheet were made with only limited anneal during few steps, but having ldr of 9 that is about 2 times higher than previous works. cups having 4 mm ids and 70 mm heights were made successfully. the process was simulated by abaqus/explicit finite element (fe) code and experimental tests were carried out based on fem results. parameters affecting the process were studied with experimental results, as well as fem. the wall thickness obtained from the approach were compared for several tests, and verified significantly.